The indexed arrays are sometimes called lists and the associative arrays are sometimes called dictionaries or hash tables. :), How to iterate over associative arrays in Bash. It would silently fail. Stack Overflow for Teams is a private, secure spot for you and There is no in array operator in bash to check if an array contains a value. Unlike in many other programming languages, in bash, an array is not a collection of similar elements. What i would like to do is output the 2 lists in columns. How to check if a Bash Array contains a value? Bash array manipulation. extended regular expression and matched accordingly. (Array length), How to remove a key from a Bash Array or delete the full array? bash if statement to ensure that we don’t end up in an infinite loop in cases where max value is zero which would happen if we provide a number larger than 32768 to rand. Would a vampire still be able to be a practicing Muslim? hash table, is an array in which the keys are represented by arbitrary strings. Do not forget to use the double-quote otherwise elements with whitespaces will be split. The $RANDOM number range between 0 and 32767. converting lines to json in bash, You can also use jq -R . Create an array ‘x’ and print all of its elements. Accessing array elements in bash The first element of an array starts at index 0 and so to access the nth element of array you use the n -1 index. Another useful aspect of manipulating Bash Arrays is to be able to get the total count of all the elements in an array. Bash onliner to add element to array; Search and replace string in bash; Print the length of an array in bash; Convert a string or text into an array delimited by a special character; Create and print Array elements. share | improve this question | follow | Note that the mapfile command will split by default on newlines character but will preserve it in the array values, you can remove the trailing delimiter using the -t option and change the delimiter using the -d option. Arrays in Bash are one-dimensional array variables. Identify String Length inside Bash Shell Script. Fisher-Yates shuffle. bash function to sort an indexed array (list). You can check if an array is empty by checking the length (or size) of the array with the ${#array[@]} syntax and use a To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. (bang) notation. for loop on such a variable. And, item 3 within the array points to "Apr" (remember: the first index in an array in Bash is [0]). Bash array manipulation on solaris Solaris / OpenSolaris This forum is for the discussion of Solaris, OpenSolaris, OpenIndiana, and illumos. In Shell Scripting, this can be done in two ways: pure bash string manipulation, and string manipulation via external commands. bash function return value is limited to number values between 0 and 255, nor can you safely use indirection in bash. rev 2021.1.18.38333, Stack Overflow works best with JavaScript enabled, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Programming & related technical career opportunities, Recruit tech talent & build your employer brand, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. Where is the antenna in this remote control board? The first function rand is used to generates a random number instead of using $((RANDOM % i)) with a See the complete example below. Instead of initializing an each element of an array separately, … Hi Jessemon, I do not need code to read an array. This can be done by using the ! Let’s manipulate some strings! This becomes clear when performing a The declare shell builtin is used to declare array variables and give them attributes using the -a and -A options. All lines come into the array. Is it nescessary to include humans in a world to make the world seem more grounded and realistic? I enjoyed writing Bash sed examples and even picked up a few extra tricks along the way. Luckily there’s a better way using a tool called jq . This sorting algorithm is called a comparison sort. Some are a subset of parameter substitution, and others fall under the functionality of the UNIX expr command. The example below is a shell script implementation of a bubble sort algorithm on a list of dates. Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! Then, an associative array, a.k.a My previous university email account got hacked and spam messages were sent to many people. Make sure to properly follow the array syntax and enclose the subscript in square brackets [] to avoid the " Bash supports a surprising number of string manipulation operations. It's not at all clear. Once the array is shuffled we can reassign its new value to the same variable. If you liked learning about sed, don’t worry there is still a lot more yet to be touched. The notation can be use with optional and parameters. The shell parameter expansions works on arrays which means that you can use the substring Expansion ${string::} notation to get a subset of an array in bash. Bash - How can you list 2 arrays in columns. How to shuffle the elements of an Array in a shell script? Manipulating Strings. bash for loop to permute they entries in the array based on the unbiased random number we generated with the rand function. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. Many fixes and improvements have been made with Bash version 5, read more details with the post How do I tell if a regular file does not exist in Bash? How do I provide exposition on a magic system when no character has an objective or complete understanding of it? Any Solaris fork or distribution is welcome. 2. Manipulating a list into a two-dimensional array hi, total newbie to shell scripting and wondering if some of you guru's can give me a hand on a problem I'm trying to solve. These index numbers are always integer numbers which start at 0. Both methods presented below assume the use of an indexed array, it will not work with associative arrays. Using + and -Operators # The most simple way to increment/decrement a variable is by using the + and -operators. Podcast 305: What does it mean to be a “senior” software engineer. Did "Antifa in Portland" issue an "anonymous tip" in Nov that John E. Sullivan be “locked out” of their circles because he is "agent provocateur"? String Manipulation in Bash. site design / logo © 2021 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under cc by-sa. How to check if a string contains a substring in Bash. Bash doesn’t understand JSON out of the box, and using the typical text manipulation tools like grep, sed, or awk, gets difficult. date comparison in bash and sort the dates in descending order. Second, you can use a native bash implementation with only shell builtin and a randomization function. However when things get complicated, such as to work on complex patterns and logic, bash does not fair well. There are two reasonable options to shuffle the elements of a bash array in a shell script. You can think about it as an ordered list of items. Though, to keep that behavior, you must use double quotes as necessary. modulo operator in bash arithmetic which would produce a biased number. Everything is a variable. When looping over a Bash array it’s often useful to access the keys of the array separately of the values. ... How to iterate over associative arrays in Bash; Iterate over bash arrays, substitute array name dynamically, is this possible? When no array variable name is provided to the mapfile command, the input will be stored into the $MAPFILE variable. You need to have a running Linux system with root access to provide execute permission on all the scripts you are going to run. How to concatenate string variables in Bash. JSONis a widely used structured data format typically used in most modern APIs and data services. How to describe a cloak touching the ground behind you as you walk? What is Array An array is a kind of data structure which contains a group of elements. I have a script that generates 2 lists using 2 commands. The support for Bash Arrays simplifies heavily how you can write your shell scripts to support more complex logic or to safely preserve field separation. Basics of pure bash string manipulation: 1. ${#string} The above format is used to get the length … How does this look when we return to bash? 9.2. Bash Error: must use subscript when assigning associative array. Instead, to check if a bash array contains a value you will need to test the values in the array by using a This article explains some of them. What is the origin and original meaning of "tonic", "supertonic", "mediant", etc.? How do I split a string on a delimiter in Bash? In this week, you will learn how to manipulate strings using a variety of string operations. Bash supports a surprising number of string manipulation operations. size) of an Array … bash null command which has a completely different meaning and purpose. Chain Puzzle: Video Games #01 - Teleporting Crosswords! For example, a Bash Array – An array is a collection of elements. Sed on. Ask Question Asked 7 years, 5 months ago. You can get the length (i.e. The challenge to implement such a solution is that you may need to few bash tricks to work around some limitations. Arrays are indexed using integers and are zero-based. For example, to print the value of the 2 nd element of your files array, you can use the following echo statement: echo $ {files } In Bash, there are multiple ways to increment/decrement a variable. But this doesn't mean that you don't have string manipulation functions. (Obtain Keys or Indices), How to get a Bash Array size? Most shells offer the ability to create, manipulate, and query indexed arrays. Note that there is no upper limit (maximum) on the size (length) of a Bash array and the values in an Indexed Array and an Associative Array can be any strings or numbers, with the null string being a valid value. any help is appreciated. The string to the right of the operator is considered a POSIX This guide covers the standard bash array operations and how to declare (set), append, iterate over (loop), check (test), access (get), and delete (unset) a value in an indexed bash array and an associative bash array. bash while loop with the Bash shell Array manipulation. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. I have a small script which reads lines from a text file and stores them in an array. First, you can either use the external command-line tool shuf that comes with the GNU coreutils, or sort -R in older coreutils versions. $ x=('1' 'a' 'tt' 'y') $ echo ${x[@]} 1 a tt y String Variable Declaration and Assignment Sed is a powerful command-line utility and expressive language for manipulating text files. You can easily implement a Bubble sort algorithm with a Interpreting a variable as its value is one way of expanding it, but there are a few more you can leverage. The += operator allows you to append one or multiple key/value to an associative Bash array. Usually, mathematical operations and functions done to arrays are applied element-by-element. Iterate over bash arrays, substitute array name dynamically, is this possible? This means that you can simply use it to delete a Bash array in full or only remove part of it by specifying the key. How can I check if a directory exists in a Bash shell script? Is there a reason why 午 and 年 look so similar? Manipulating Strings. Initializing an array during declaration. In such cases very sophisticated and commonly used data manipulation ‘awk’ is prefered. General Sun, SunOS and Sparc related questions also go here. This is not to be confused with the From here, I want to iterate through each line, pick up certain words in the line and create a new statement set. You want the line as an array. By using the -e option, shuf would treat each argument as a separate input line. No way. The shuf command line generates random permutations from a file or the standard input. 5 Mistakes To Avoid For Writing High-Quality Bash Comments. List1 and list 2 could contain spaces. We use a Bash array manipulation seeking assistance on comparing two arrays using bash: array1=(disk1, disk2, disk3, disk5, disk7, vol1, vol2, vol3, vol4, vol5) array2=(disk2, disk5 vol2, vol4 ) 1) if two arrays have same elements; EXIT else populate array3 & array4 with elements that are … bash if statement as necessary. The difference between the two will arise when you try to loop over such an array using quotes. It iterates over each item of an array using a bash for loop and until loop to compare adjacent items with a jq can simplify the above bash to this: This is an attempt to learn more about manipulating arrays, variables, and using loops. (delete). The Bash array variables come in two flavors, the one-dimensional indexed arrays, and the associative arrays. How to store each line of a file into an indexed array? An array is a variable that can hold multiple values, where each value has a reference index known as a key. If you need to shuffle an array larger than 32768 entries or your array is not a dense indexed array, then use the first method above using shuf. Functions, arrays, and strings are stored in variables. Hi - can you rephrase the problem? The += operator allows you to append a value to an indexed Bash array. Some are a subset of parameter substitution, and others fall under the functionality of the UNIX expr command. Bash String Manipulation Examples. The final output will be constructed in the following format: Is there a way I can iterate through each array element (line words) and do this? Unfortunately, shells such as Bash can’t interpret and work with JSON directly. Create a bash file named ‘for_list1.sh’ and add the … Why is it so hard to build crewed rockets/spacecraft able to reach escape velocity? When to use double quotes with Bash Arrays? bash null command to iterate over a series of $RANDOM numbers until we get one below the max value. In this tutorial, we’ll learn how to operate on strings using Bash. Using for loops and echoing array outputs list1 first then list2. In this article, we’ll explore the built-in read command.. Bash read Built-in #. Hi suspectus, I take lines from a text file into one array. Unfortunately, these tools lack a unified focus. Basically, from here when I have the lines in the array, I want to iterate through each line, pick up certain words in the line and create a new statement set. How to get the Key/Value pair of a Bash Array? unset take the variable name as an argument, so don’t forget to remove the $ (dollar) sign in front of the variable name of your array. The Bash provides one-dimensional array variables. In this tutorial, we’ll look at how we can parse values from Comma-Separated Values (CSV) files with various Bash built-in utilities. Since bash does not discriminate string from a number, an array can contain a mix of strings and numbers. A great benefit of using Bash Arrays is to preserve field separation. Both functions use local and global variables to pass values around. In order to look for an exact match, your regex pattern needs to add extra space before and after the value like (^|[[:space:]])"VALUE"($|[[:space:]]). First and foremost, you need to differentiate the two types of arrays that can be used in bash. Here're the lines from my text file, which are printed after I run the script: So far it's fine. How to use a shared pointer of a pure abstract class without using reset and new? In absence of quoting, Bash will split the input into a list of words based on the $IFS value which by default contain spaces and tabs. The ${myArray[@]} notation is equivalent to ${myArray[@]:0}. # For Loop Exampe with '*', will echo only once all the values, # For Loop Example with '@', will echo individually each values, # Iterate over key and value of an Associative Array, # generate a random number from 0 to ($1-1), # shuffle an array using the rand function, # Example script using bubble sort algorithm in bash, # delete previously set declaration of myArray and, # prevent the error `bash: myArray: cannot convert indexed to associative array`, The Complete How To Guide of Bash Functions. You can only use the declare built-in command with the uppercase “-A” option. Adding scripts to Processing toolbox via PyQGIS. Thanks @Jessemon. This results in inconsistent command syntax and overlap of functionality, not to mention confusion. your coworkers to find and share information. Writing about Bash is challenging because it's remarkably easy for an article to devolve into a manual that focuses on syntax oddities As discussed above, you can access all the values of a Bash array using the * (asterisk) notation. Since we still rely on this number, it will limit our max random number generator to 32768 values. Elements in arrays are frequently referred to by their index number, which is the position in which they reside in the array. How can I remove a specific item from an array? You can get the length (i.e. Bash is awesome, the only problem I have is that I have yet to find a simple way to read a basic text file from within a bash script one line at a time. Bash String Manipulation Examples – Bash provides lot of ways to perform String Operations and manipulate them.. Bash's history commands are unmatched by any other shell (Zsh comes close, but lacks some options, such as the ability to delete by line number). This example will implement a rand function and a shuffle function. Basic array manipulation ¶ Arrays can either be used as a single object, or individual or ranges of elements can be extracted from them. The shuffle function uses a The unset bash builtin command is used to unset (delete or remove) any values and attributes from a shell variable or function. What should I do? With the Bash Associative Arrays, you can extend the solution to test values with [[ -z "${myArray[$value]}" ]]. Issue at hand I am trying to write a bash script to quickly create a directory structure. Bash can be used to manipulate strings when the requirements are simple. Science fiction book about an advanced, underground civilization with no crime. This is not the exact formatting you want, but I think you can take it from here right! How To Script Error Free Bash If Statement? Instead, I want to iterate through each line, pick up certain words in the line and create a new statement set. We want to ensure that every permutation is equally likely when shuffling the array. From here, I am trying to use words in line and form a new statement set. How To Create Simple Menu with the Shell Select Loop? It uses the date command to do Bash convert string to json. Associative arrays. In Bash, there are two types of arrays. Loop through an array of strings in Bash? Example: ${myArray[@]:2:3}. In BASH script it is possible to create type types of array, an indexed array or associative array. arrays bash shell scripting. Ha! This means that working with JSON via the command line can be cumbersome involving text manipulation using a combination of tools such as sed and … Remember that the null string is a zero-length string, which is an empty string. bash if statement and swap them if they are in the wrong order. Do the benefits of the Slasher Feat work against swarms? The easiest and safest way to read a file into a bash array is to use the mapfile builtin which read lines from the standard input. To what extent is the students' perspective on the lecturer credible? What does the term "svirfnebli" mean, and how is it different to "svirfneblin"? Plotting polygons as separate plots using Python. I've updated my question with the final script as well. size) of an Array variable with the # (hashtag) notation. That means that echo ${month[3]} , after the expansion, translates to echo "Apr" . If you are familiar with variables in bash, you already know that there are no separate data types for string, int etc. Indeed, declaring an Indexed array will accept subscript but will ignore it and treat the rest of your declaration as an Indexed Array, not an Associative Array. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. How To Format Date and Time in Linux, macOS, and Bash? Print Array in Bash Script Prerequisites. Unfortunately, these tools lack a unified focus. How to get the source directory of a Bash script from within the script itself? A Complete Guide on How To Use Bash Arrays, Difference between Bash Indexed Arrays and Associative Arrays, Bash Associative Array (dictionaries, hash table, or key/value pair). In plain English, an indexed array is a list of things prefixed with a number. Join Stack Overflow to learn, share knowledge, and build your career. Iterating a string of multiple words within for loop. The * notation will return all the elements of the array as a single word result while the @ notation will return a value for each element of the Bash array as a separate word. String Manipulation is defined as performing several operations on a string resulting change in its contents. Bash Arrays, Bash permits array operations on variables, even if the variables are not explicitly declared as arrays. With the declare built-in command and the lowercase “-a” option, you would simply do the following: You cannot create an associative array on the fly in Bash. The detailed examples include how to sort and shuffle arrays. Be careful, this will not look for an exact match as it uses a shell regex. to format each line as a JSON string and then jq -s ( -- slurp ) to create an array for the input lines after parsing them as I need to read these bash variables into my JSON string and I am not familiar with bash. Bash Error: must use subscript when assigning associative array". I wrote this code just yesterday to iterate over an array. What’s New in GNU Bash 5? There is no maximum limit on the size of an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned contiguously. string=abcABC123ABCabc echo ${string[@]} # Bash Beginner Series #4: Using Arrays in Bash Creating your first array in a bash script. Bash is a sh-compatible shell and command processor and string manipulation is one of the most common tasks to be done in a shell environment. You can create an Indexed Array on the fly in Bash using compound assignment or by using the builtin command declare. An indexed array is an array in which the keys (indexes) are ordered integers. It’s particularly popular in web applications due to its lightweight nature and compatibility with Javascript. :), Your script gave me the pointer to work out what I was looking for. How to sort the elements of an Array in a shell script? Any variable may be used as an array; the declare builtin will explicitly declare an array. The second option to shuffle the elements of a bash array is to implement an unbiased algorithm like the Here we will look at the different ways to print array in bash script. By clicking “Post Your Answer”, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Though, to iterate through all the array values you should use the @ (at) notation instead. @Sunshine, I had to read your question again and now I understand it. Another useful aspect of manipulating Bash Arrays is to be able to get the total count of all the elements in an array. We compensate this by using a range of values that is a multiple of the $RANDOM modulus. We use a The algorithm iterates until all the items are sorted. bash conditional expression with the binary operator =~. Arrays in Bash. Following are list of Bash String Operations explained in detail with examples : ⚠️ Do not confuse -a (lowercase) with -A (uppercase). There are the associative arrays and integer-indexed arrays. Bash uses what we call attributes to flag changes in behaviors on assignment. What does the ^ character mean in sequences like ^X^I? Sort the dates in descending order 2 commands messages were sent to many people has reference. Option, shuf would treat each argument as a separate input line count of all the values... Lines to json in Bash to check if a string on a of... The most simple way to increment/decrement a variable as its value is one way of expanding it, I... To print array in which they reside in the array separately, … in! Start > and < count > parameters reassign its new value to the mapfile command, one-dimensional! Work against swarms to describe a cloak touching the ground behind you as you walk programming languages in... To implement such a solution is that you do n't have string manipulation.. A.K.A hash table, is an attempt to learn more, see tips! And new is defined as performing several operations on a list of.. Now I understand it Linux system with root access to provide execute permission on all scripts... Use of an array and logic, Bash permits array operations on a magic system when no has... Example will implement a Bubble sort algorithm with a Bash array using quotes random permutations from a or. Are always integer numbers which start at 0 -A ( uppercase ) which has completely! Attributes from a text file and stores them in an array can contain a mix strings. Variable with the shell Select loop key from a text file and stores them in array! Benefit of using Bash arrays, substitute array name dynamically, is attempt. Remember that the null string is a collection of elements of using Bash arrays, substitute array name,! How does this look when we return to Bash directory of a Bash in. That you do n't have string manipulation functions underground civilization with no crime want to iterate each! Simplify the above Bash to check if an array be split associative arrays elements of an array is shuffled can... Read your question again and now I understand it using for loops and echoing array outputs list1 first then.. Go here the example below is a private, secure spot for you and your coworkers to find share. It uses the date command to do is output the 2 lists using 2 commands 's. Menu with the shell Select loop are a subset of parameter substitution, and strings are stored variables! Writing High-Quality Bash Comments Bash does not exist in Bash is no in array operator in Bash things complicated. The most simple way to increment/decrement a variable that can hold multiple values, where each value has a different! Against swarms also go here that you may need to have bash array manipulation that! Question Asked 7 years, 5 months ago even if the variables are not explicitly declared as arrays t there... Provides lot of ways to print array in a Bash array is a variable as its value one. ( asterisk ) notation do not confuse -A ( lowercase ) with (. Which they reside in the array separately, … arrays in Bash, there are a subset parameter. A shuffle function others fall under the functionality of the array wrote this code just yesterday iterate. Range between 0 and 32767 contain a mix of strings and numbers ) with -A ( lowercase with! Great answers limit on the fly in Bash an exact match as it uses the date command to is! That every permutation is equally likely when shuffling the array is shuffled we reassign... To do is output the 2 lists in columns I take lines my. Considered a POSIX extended regular expression and matched accordingly permits array operations on,. Start > and < count > parameters work with json directly manipulating arrays... Not a collection of similar elements account got hacked and spam messages were sent to many people spam were! Way of expanding it, but there are no separate data types for string, etc! Years, 5 months ago is equally likely when shuffling the array attributes from a shell script a input! Of multiple words within for loop book about an advanced, underground civilization with no.. To include humans in a Bash array variables come in two ways: pure string..., secure spot for you and your coworkers to find and share information looping over a Bash array?. Provide execute permission on all the scripts you are going to run no maximum limit the... An exact match as it uses a shell regex I have a script that generates 2 lists using commands... Suspectus, I do not confuse -A ( lowercase ) with -A ( lowercase ) with (. Am trying to use the @ ( at ) notation instead native Bash implementation with only builtin... / logo © 2021 Stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under by-sa. Why is it so hard to build crewed rockets/spacecraft able to reach velocity... Bash supports a surprising number of string operations and manipulate them that you do have. Tool bash array manipulation jq don ’ t interpret and work with associative arrays in.! Yesterday to iterate through each line, pick up certain words in line and form a new statement set number. It nescessary to include humans in a shell regex to check if a array! Crewed rockets/spacecraft able to be confused with the final script as well does fair. Or Indices ), how to check if a string contains a value only builtin. Statements based on opinion ; back them up with references or personal experience use with optional start! Ll explore the built-in read command.. Bash read built-in # shuffle function converting lines to json Bash. Modern APIs and data services modern APIs and data services cases very sophisticated commonly. Data services declare array variables and give them attributes using the * ( asterisk ).! ( delete or remove ) any values and attributes from a text file and stores them in an contains! Is array an array is shuffled we can reassign its new value to the right the... And form a new statement set the array values you should use the otherwise! Can think about it as an array separately of the operator is considered a POSIX extended regular expression matched. Stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under cc by-sa spam messages were sent to many people such a is. Any variable may be used in most modern APIs and data services to! Programming languages, in Bash using compound assignment or by using the * ( asterisk ) instead! Of parameter substitution, and build your career ’ and print all of its elements functions use and! Read an array ; the declare built-in command with the Bash null command which has a completely different and! File and stores them in an array using quotes for Writing High-Quality Bash.. Include how to check if a directory exists in a world to make the world seem more and! Using quotes using compound assignment or by using the + and -Operators # the most simple way to a! Examples include how to manipulate strings using Bash arrays is to be a “ senior ” software engineer to. Will explicitly declare an array contains a value work bash array manipulation some limitations does mean! Unfortunately, shells such as to work on complex patterns and logic, Bash does not discriminate from! Commonly used data manipulation ‘ awk ’ is prefered standard input results inconsistent! Here we will look at the different ways to print array in a Bash array a. The items are sorted to describe a cloak touching the ground behind you as you walk to read question... Standard input agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy variable as value... Parameter substitution, and Bash Bash and sort the elements of an array separately …... Statements based on opinion ; back them up with references or personal experience you may to. Hash tables and how is it different to `` svirfneblin '' is equivalent to {! Loop over such an array string operations and manipulate them list ) within the script itself methods below. Understanding of it to unset ( delete or remove ) any values and attributes from a text file into indexed! Data types for string, int etc. with json directly matched accordingly does n't mean that you n't. No maximum limit on the fly in Bash dates in descending order execute permission all. T worry there is still a lot more yet to be able to be practicing! To store each line, pick up certain words in line and form a new statement set manipulation... ( uppercase ) it so hard to build crewed rockets/spacecraft able to reach escape velocity integers... Functions use local and global variables to pass values around tutorial, we ’ ll explore the read! Personal experience that generates 2 lists in columns n't have string manipulation operations not discriminate string a... And manipulate them to do is output the 2 lists using 2 commands opinion ; back them up references! One or multiple key/value to an indexed array is a collection of similar elements it different to `` svirfneblin?! Supports a surprising number of string operations Bash, there are a subset parameter! Most shells offer the ability to create, manipulate, and Bash file into array. We can reassign its new value to the right of the $ month... Are ordered integers using + and -Operators # the most simple way to increment/decrement a variable can. Declare array variables and give them attributes using the -A and -A options you learn... S a better way using a tool called jq Bash using compound assignment or by using the + -Operators...

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