6 juil. There, the French cavalry met two Austrian battalions, already formed in solid masses. La bataille de Wagram (5-6 juillet 1809) est une bataille de la guerre de la Cinquième Coalition, qui fut décisive pour son issue. Of the total 1,200 guardsmen of all arms wounded at Wagram, half were able to return to the ranks within a few days and only 145 died from their wounds. Grouchy's dragoons rode to face the enemy cavalry column, while Montbrun sent a part of his light cavalry division towards Ober Sieberbrunn, in a bid to outflank the Austrians. [116] On his left, Nansouty, who had apparently not been consulted regarding the placement and role of his division in the attack,[120] had kept his men too far back, in order to protect them from the sustained enemy fire. Située sur la rive gauche du Danube, la ville de Presbourg, où l'armée de l'archiduc Jean est stationnée, n'est située qu'à 40 km du champ de bataille. [104], The French began their steady advance between 09:30[103] and 10:00, their movement hidden from view by the thick smoke resulting from the intense artillery bombardment. With at least 72,000 casualties on both sides, it was also the bloodiest military engagement of the entire Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars thus far. [105][106][107], In the meantime, Gudin and Puthod had also rallied their men and launched them in another attack against Markgrafneusiedl. This timely action temporarily stopped any further French advance. [83][84], The French retreated towards the Mühlau salient and to Groß-Enzersdorf, in a bid to protect the vital bridges towards Lobau island. Additionally, 37 generals, 883 officers and over 25,000 men were wounded and 4,000 men were taken prisoner, many of them wounded. Given that the Austrians, with their superior numbers and overwhelming artillery firepower, were now intent upon seizing the opportunity to launch a counterattack of their own, retreat was most difficult. The village was defended by three Austrian brigades (Weiss, Hessen-Homburg and Swinburn), supported in second line by Infantry Regiment 3 Erzherzog Karl and the Landwehr battalion Unter dem Manhartsberg. Crucially, it improved the overall morale of the troops as it proved that, despite their early string of defeats, the army could fight extremely well. Résumé: Napoléon prépare soigneusement la bataille la veille du 5 juillet et planifie la traversée du fleuve.Le 5 juillet, premier jour de la bataille de Wagram, les Français débarquent sur la rive gauche. One French thrust was directed at occupying the strategic Hansel-Grund salient, east of Lobau island, which a brigade under Conroux[Note 5] secured towards 22:00. Ces lourdes pertes, qui incluaient des troupes expérimentées et une trentaine de généraux dont Lasalle et Lannes à Aspern-Essling, ne purent être compensées par la suite. However, by early April 1809, it became obvious that Prussia was not ready to commit, and the Austrians were forced to move their main army southwards, in a bid to launch their westward offensive along the Danube. Should the French have attempted to attack the forces on the Wagram plateau, the forces present there were expected to resist long enough to allow Charles to fall on the enemy's flank with the forces placed the Bisamberg heights. [11], By March 1809, war between Austria and France was imminent and the Habsburg army, 200,000 men strong, massed in the northwestern province of Bohemia, near the frontier with the Confederation of the Rhine, the French-dominated confederacy of German states. There would be no proper battle reserve, with the only remaining formation, Prince Reuss's small V Korps left out of the action, as a strategic reserve, with the objective of observing the Danube and protecting the vital routes to Bohemia and Moravia, should retreat become necessary. During this action, Oudinot was wounded twice and had his horse shot from under him,[123] but he retained his command and, after his surgeon dressed his wounds, he led his men on. During the night, MacDonald had been rejoined by the second division of his Corps and although theoretically 23 battalions strong, this force had diminished complements and could barely muster 8,000 men. Parallèlement, Charles ne prit pas le soin de réunir toutes ses forces disponibles. Despite the string of sharp defeats and the loss of the empire's capital, Archduke Charles salvaged an army, with which he retreated north of the Danube. Meanwhile, Bessières was busy fetching the Guard cavalry, which was only just beginning to arrive and with which he was intending to launch a second charge. This formation was ideal for fending off enemy horse. Secondly, it left the Advance Guard and VI Corps with an ambiguous objective: if Charles wanted protracted resistance, then these forces were too weak to accomplish such a task; however, if the objective was only brief resistance, then they were too numerous and thus needlessly exposed. L'archiduc, qui avait anticipé ce mouvement, attendit jusqu'à ce qu'une partie de l'armée française vînt s'établir dans le saillant de Mühlau et les villages d'Aspern et d'Essling pour la flanquer et attaquer ensuite la tête de pont française. Just as in the bloody Battle of Eylau, Wagram was a battle in which Napoleon failed to score an uncontested victory with relatively few casualties. In total, some one thousand shells were fired on Gross-Enzersdorf, with the village quickly becoming engulfed in flames. Includes scenarios and a strategic element. Napoléon est un génie militaire. [70] Nansouty's horse artillery was the first to arrive and deployed on the right flank of the advancing Austrians, opening enfilade fire. During this phased retreat, Generalmajor Smola, commander of the Austrian artillery had a major role, managing to mass a sufficient number of cannon to keep the enemy at a respectable distance. Oudinot's Corps then fanned out, with the bulk of his men continuing to press Hohenzollern and Tharreau's division wheeling left against Bellegarde's I Korps. À sa droite, Louis-Nicolas Davout dérobe Hohenzellern ; au centre Eugène de Beauharnais et Nicolas-Charles Oudinot avancent au sud, André Masséna repousse Klénau. Napoleon also planned for his II and IX Corps, as well as the "Army of Italy" to launch secondary attacks, in order to prevent the Austrians from sending reinforcements to their left. To ensure the effectiveness of the Continental System, he sought to force Portugal, a traditional British trading partner, to observe it; when diplomatic means failed in 1808, Napoleon had the country occupied, forcing the ruling dynasty of Braganza to flee the country and seek refuge in its main colony, Brazil. They were supported by Tharreau's division of II Corps, which had managed to storm the plateau next to the village. Voir plus d'idées sur le thème guerres napoléoniennes, guerres, bataille. Vaincue mais non mise en déroute, l'armée autrichienne abandonne le champ de bataille. The tide of the campaign had turned but Napoleon misjudged the strategic situation, thinking that the force that had fought Davout was only a flank guard and that the main force lay before him; in reality it was the opposite. With most of his troops available by now, Oudinot and his II Corps approached Sachsengang castle and came up against its defenders: two Austrian battalions and a few small-calibre cannon. Encouraged by Napoleon's peninsular imbroglio, British subsidies and the promise of a military intervention in northern Europe, the Austrians decided that the European political context of 1808 and 1809 offered their best chance to retake lost provinces. The French troops, although out of range from enemy musketry, were under constant bombardment from the Austrian artillery. Not long before 17:00, the cavalry moved against the second mass and it was during this action that the gallant Lasalle, one of the best cavalry commanders of his time, was shot dead. However, by now the French had managed to dent the Austrian line and had only a few hundred metres to go before they could reach the strategic village of Süssenbrunn. This would be indicative of the gradual decline in quality of Napoleon's troops and the increasing experience and competence of his opponents, who were learning from previous errors. A second such moment took place around one hour later, when a mounted scouting party from Archduke John's army suddenly appeared near Glinzendorf, causing panic among the stragglers and civilian contractors of the army, with the Guard again forced to form square. C’est aussi un communican… Recovering from his initial surprise, Napoleon beat the Austrian forces and occupied Vienna at the beginning of May 1809. He also planned not to face the enemy on the flat plains of the Marchfeld, an ideal cavalry terrain, where the numerically superior French horse would quickly gain the upper hand. [134][135], The Austrians were actually retreating towards Znaim in Bohemia. D'Hurbal was suddenly charged by the 400 cavalrymen from the Saxon Prinz Klemens Chevaulegers regiment from Bernadotte's Corps, who had recklessly moved forward unsupported. Pendant les deux jours de bataille, Charles ne put compter que sur la principale armée autrichienne, la Kaiserlich-königliche Armee. Working on this hypothesis, Charles had a chain of 16 defensive redoubts built, essentially between Aspern and Groß-Enzersdorf. As he would later explain, Bernadotte believed himself in an exposed position and thus took the initiative of abandoning Aderklaa during the night, retreating almost 1 kilometer to the southeast of the village, in a bid to draw closer to the rest of the army. Mais plutôt que de défendre la rive gauche sous le feu de l'artillerie française de Lobau, ou même essayer de défendre les plaines de Marchfeld — le terrain accidenté étant trop avantageux pour les troupes légères de Napoléon —, il retira la majeure partie de son armée derrière le Russbach, en forme de V, ses deux extrémités se situant au niveau des villages de Süssenbrunn (de) à l'ouest et de Markgrafneusiedl à l'est, le sommet de ce dernier se situant au niveau du village de Wagram. La bataille de Wagram (5-6 juillet 1809) est une bataille de la guerre de la Cinquième Coalition, qui fut décisive pour son issue. Napoléon décida alors de traverser le Danube afin de rencontrer et vaincre l'armée autrichienne. [130] By nightfall, contact had been broken and the exhausted French had to stop the pursuit and camp on their positions. His analysis of the battle revealed that he had been unable to capitalise on his overwhelming numerical superiority and had thus failed to achieve more than a tactical victory. Bibliographie. Elle empêcha cependant Charles de pouvoir renforcer son flanc gauche, et les Autrichiens commencèrent alors à évacuer la position, se retirant proprement vers Znaim au nord-ouest. The only weakness of Rosenberg's position was its left side, where the plateau formed a gentle slope, descending northeast. These reinforcements placed the French and Allied forces at 140,500 infantry, 28,000 cavalry and 488 guns, with an additional 8,500 men and 129 guns left behind as garrison on Lobau island. Then, Marulaz fell upon and captured the Austrian battery which was bombarding the bridges over the Danube, sending the panicked gunners fleeing for their lives. Sainte-Croix's pontonniers then started work and, making good use of the current, managed to bridge the arm of the Danube in no more than five minutes, using another pivoting bridge. This was, without a doubt, one of the bitter lessons that the Austrians learned at Aspern and Essling. Napoléon continua sur sa lancée, capturant Vienne le 12 mai ce qui ne provoqua pas pour autant la capitulation autrichienne. Further north, Masséna directed his divisions straight to the strategic village of Gross-Enzersdorf, where the rest of Nordmann's rearguard (two battalions from the Bellegarde regiment) lay. The Austrians pulled back, leaving Davout free to position his men between Glinzendorf and Raasdorf, thus drawing closer to the II Corps. Nonetheless, the defeat was serious enough to shatter the morale of the Austrians, who could no longer find the will to continue the struggle. There, the French found the houses filled with drunken Austrian whitecoats, who refused to surrender and attempted to defend themselves. [50][54][57] Davout's initiative to call off his attack early on triggered subsequent, perhaps unwarranted, criticism from Napoleon.[57]. To the French surprise, towards 05:00, the Austrians attacked, with Radetzky's leading elements pushing the French outposts out of Grosshofen, and then attacking Glinzendorf. Ce mouvement stabilisa le flanc gauche français. Further east, Morand, leading the French attack, faced a similar fate, when the Austrians launched a combined infantry and cavalry attack which forced the French to draw back and reform. [37], As the French were crossing east of Lobau island, the only significant Austrian force in the immediate vicinity was Armand von Nordmann's Advance Guard, which had been left in the sector with orders to delay the enemy advance. Pendant ce temps, sur le flanc droit, la situation commença à s'améliorer, Oudinot et Davout avançant vers le village de Markgrafsneusiedl. The French cavalry attack halted the advance of Klenau's Korps and allowed the French launch an attack of their own against the village of Essling. The Emperor also criticised Marmont for his slowness in arriving on the battlefield and told Oudinot that he ought to have him shot for attacking without orders. Having spent the entire morning doing nothing else than exchanging artillery fire with French II Corps, these men were relatively fresh. A member of the House of Habsburg, Archduke Charles saw the army as an invaluable tool, meant to protect the existence of the Monarchy. They also carefully scouted the shores and small islands of the Danube and installed batteries in strategic positions, in a bid to cover Vienna, but above all with the aim of keeping the enemy guessing about the exact location of the upcoming crossing. It took Napoleon six weeks to prepare his next offensive, for which he amassed a 172,000-man French, German and Italian army in the vicinity of Vienna. Behind the Bavarians came the Fusiliers of the "Young Guard", four battalion-strong, which were led by the Emperor's aide-de-camp, General Reille, with strict orders to avoid "getting involved in any adventure". The commander of II Korps, the experienced Feldmarschalleutnant Hohenzollern, could see that his force was in danger of being attacked from the flank by Davout's seemingly unstoppable corps. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. This meant that only Boudet's division was left at Aspern, with orders to defend the lines of communication lines with the military base on Lobau island. By 1809, the state was almost bankrupt and acutely aware that it could not retain its status as a great power if it did not manage to regain some of its former influence in Germany and Italy. 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