Purpose of this study is to understand behavior of different causal factor of landslide at Himachal Pradesh and then suggest some remedial measure. 1 0 obj Changes in precipitation regime directly affect water resources management, agriculture, hydrology and ecosystems of a region. irregular distribution pattern (PCI = 16–20%). Srinagar is 111 miles from Mahe Deo Kud, so the actual climate in Mahe Deo Kud can vary a bit. Annual rainy days are decreasing at 28 stations, increasing at 4 stations while 5 stations are showing no, trend. Average annual ... Himachal Pradesh: Himachal Pradesh: 1,251: 19. Kulshrestha, 1991; Lal, 2001; Sinha Ray and De, 2003; Kumar and Jain, 2010). Non-parametric Mann-Kendall (MK), Modified Mann-Kendall (mMK) and Spearman's rho (SR) tests were used to achieve if there was an increasing or decreasing trend in the time series and the Sen's slope (Q) estimator was applied to identify the quantity of the trend. Similar estimate for Satluj, in some parts of the Western Himalaya. Annual rainfall and rainy days are showing significantly decreasing trends by -4.58 mm/year and -0.13 days/year respectively. Data series is all Himachal Prad, infall and rainy days data series for 1951-2005 are also, averaged monthly, seasonal and annual means, standard, deviations and coefficient of variations of rainfall and, rainy days for Himachal Pradesh are computed and given, and seasonal series of rainfall and rainy days during, term annual mean rainfall and rainy days and thei, the long term means of rainfall and rainy days, percentage, to their annual total are computed for all 37 stations and, the statistics is given in Table 3. Himachal Pradesh - Hamirpur - Rainfall (mm.) (2012); Arthi Rani et al. Annual, pre-monsoon, post-monsoon and winter rainfall increased (non-significant) whereas monsoon rainfall decreased (non-significant), at Srinagar during the last century. 23 snow measuring stations in Himachal Pradesh. Seasonal rainfall is showing significantly increasing trend in winter (+1.47 mm/year) and summer (+1.77 mm/year) and significantly decreasing trend in monsoon (-3.71 mm/year) for Shimla, the capital of Himachal Pradesh. Average monthly snow and rainfall in Shimla (Himachal Pradesh) in millimeter. 10. Srinagar is 111 miles from Mahe Deo Kud, so the actual climate in Mahe Deo Kud can vary a bit. January, July, August and October. In Palampur, the average annual temperature is 19.1 °C | 66.4 °F. %PDF-1.5 From the results, it was found that annual and monsoon rainfall both showed an increasing trend at three stations, located in the central part and a decreasing trend at two stations, located in the northwestern and southwestern part of the study area. Evapotranspiration losses only from the snow-free area were taken into account, considering that evaporation from rain falling on the snow-covered area, and from the snow-covered area itself, is negligible. In this study, the average contribution of snow and glacier-melt runoff in the annual streamflow of the Chenab River at Akhnoor was estimated using a water balance approach. For seasonal rainfall, pre-monsoon rainfall dominated by glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) affected by global warming, in the mountains of Himalayan region”, Technical Report, Chaudhary, A. and Abhyankar, V. P., 1979, “Does precipitation pattern, K. and Yao, T., 2003, “Monsoon variability in the Himalayas, Duan, K., Yao, T. and Thompson, L. G., 2006, “Response of monsoon. If the widespread decreasing trends in, rainfall and rainy days persist in future also, it will, The decreasing trends of post monsoon rai, increasing trend as shown in Fig. features like Seasonality Index (SI) and precipitation concentration index In winter, there is much less rainfall than in summer. Therefore, daily rainfall data wherever, The daily rainfall data for stations in Himachal Pradesh, IMD, which processes and archives all atmospheric data, of the country. Data series are rainfall and rainy, are drawn for statistically significant at 95% level, Monthly, annual and seasonal rainfall and rainy days mean, Himachal Pradesh. by S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K. B. Averyt, M. Tignor & H. L. Miller), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U. K. Himachal Pradesh, Western Himalaya, India”, Conference on, Development of Hydro Power Projects - A Prospective, Kumar, V., Jain, S. K. and Singh, Y., 2010, “Analysis of long-term. main contributors to the economy of the state. However, a significant (p value < 0.05) negative The Himalayas popularly known as the ‘Third Pole’ and ‘Water tower’ of Asia has attracted global attention under the context of climate change as rainfall in this region has decreased drastically, and temperature has risen very rapidly in the last century. Besides the seasonal variations, the climate of Himachal Pradesh varies at different altitudes. and EH regions, respectively (p value < 0.05). In this study, we have analysed seasonal and annual trends in rainfall and rainy days over Himachal Pradesh, an Indian state located in Western Himalayas. Received 20 March 2014, Modified 16 July 2014, In this study, we have analysed seasonal and annu, al trends in rainfall and rainy days over Himachal, r southwest part of the state is in the range of 60 to 80%, evation stations in the northern parts of the state. Monsoon se Obtained rainfall Rainfall data collected by the India Meteorological Department (IMD) were used. Hence, considering the past and present climatic trends, future climatic scenario of Himachal Pradesh has been, It has been established that the global climate changes are real and these could have imperative effects on various environmental variables including rainfall in many countries around the world. during 1951-2005. the normal periods are found to be negative of which trends of Next, changes in the Besides, most of the stations in Bangladesh showed increasing trends (60%) in phases are decreasing for the entire Himalayan region. -from Selected Water Resources Abstracts. Sensitivity analysis showed that the glacier was more sensitive to summer temperature (−0.32 m w.e. The contribution of snow and glacier-melt runoff to Himalayan rivers is significant and an estimation of the amount is necessary for the development, planning, and management of water resources. Anardana prepared under mechanical cabinet drier and solar tunnel drier was comparable in terms of its various quality characteristics. The annual rainfall … Present study was attempted to quantify such abnormal warming and unexpected declining trend of rainfall vis-à-vis to identify factors influencing such abnormal behavior over the complex physiographical region technically known as Western Himalaya Region (WHR) through the available literature therein. The spatial patterns, Koksar (-0.06 days/year), Nurpur (-0.03 days/year), Palampur (-0.03 days/year), Paonta (-0.03 days/y, 37 stations in Himachal Pradesh during the period 1951-, 2005 is given in Table 5. Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. Southwest monsoon (seasonal) and the annual rainfall series of nearly 70 years were subjected to sophisticated statistical analyses. (13.3 days) and August (13.1 days) as given in Table 2. 5(a&b). diurnal temperature range (January to May, July to December), total monthly rainfall (June) and 24 hour (mMK) test were used to detect trend in the data. If the widespread decreasing trends in rainfall and rainy days persist in future also, it will not only impact agriculture and horticulture adversely in the state but also other states lying downstream. Climate and average weather for Shimla (Himachal Pradesh), India displayed in graphs. They cause an estimated loss of several crore rupees each year. The inter annual to inter The climate here is classified as Cwa by the Köppen-Geiger system. The climatic parameters included are maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), and rainfall. days (January). 9(a). 4 0 obj Monsoon rainy days are decreasing at 27 stations, increasing at 5 stations, while 5 stations are showing no, trend as given in Table 4. Climatic conditions likely to occur in Himachal Pradesh during 2021-2050 are analyzed and termed as mid-period compared to baseline period (1960-1990) using HADRM3 model under scenario A1B. Himachal Pradesh having continuous data for 1951-2005. Evidence suggests that global climate is, changing in an unprecedented manner largely due to, perceptible changes in precipitation patterns in many parts, projected continuation may influence long-term rainfall, patterns impacting the availability of water, along with the. “Statistical Analysis of Hydrologic Data”, In: IPCC, 2001, “Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation an. Changes in pre, Variability of precipitation in Himalayas is closely related, to the variation in temperature with precipitation. 7(b). B., Wake, C. P., Dibb, J. E. and Mayewski, P. A., 2000, “Precipitation fluctuations in the Nepal Himalaya and its vicinity, and relationship with some large-scale climatological, hydrological extremes in a Himalayan catchment”, ERB and, Singh, P. and Jain, S. K., 2002, “Snow and glacier melt in the Satluj. enhancement in the extreme rainfall event frequencies is observed Out of the 965 identified, 216 are commissioned, including less than 5 MW plants, with an installed capacity of 10,596 MW, and were operational by December 2019. However, the distribution of rainfall in the state, varies greatly on temporal and spatial scales. The Dharamsala lies on 1279m above sea level In Dharamsala, the climate is warm and temperate. The main results of this study are, rainy days in Himachal Pradesh indicates regions of, highest (lowest) rainfall and rainy days in the western, is highest at Dharamsala (2923.4 mm) and lowest in, rainfall is contributing highest (70 %) followed by winter, (14%) and summer (13%) seasons to the annual mean, rainfall in the state indicating rainfall in all seasons in. Manali experiences snowfall predominantly between December and beginning of March. (91%) in winter rainfall. Chapter 5 looks at case studies and Chapter 6 bioclimatology. B., Wake, C. P., Mayewski, P. A. and Dibb, J. E., 1999, Sinha Ray, K. C. and De, U. S., 2003, “Climate change in India as. Based upon rainfall data of 37 stations for the period 1951-2005, it is found that the contribution of monsoon rainfall for the lower southwest part of the state is in the range of 60 to 80% of the annual total, while it is only around 35% for the higher elevation stations in the northern parts of the state. All the stations experienced a decreasing trend in monsoon and winter rainy days.Qazigund and Kukarnag experienced decreasing annual rainfall, and Srinagar showed increasing annual rainfall during the period 1962–2002. For about five months, an apparent decrease in precipitation was observed, namely: March, July, September, November, and December. [See the erratum for mistakes in publication]. Shimla: Himachal Pradesh got 143 percent more rainfall than normal in June, the highest in 10 years, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) said today. If the widespread decreasing trends in rainfall and rainy days persist in future also, it will not only impact agriculture and horticulture adversely in the state but also other states lying downstream. (PCI) were estimated to characterize spatial pattern of rainfall and Innovative Spatial patterns of monsoon rainfall and rainy days indicate significant decrease in southern and eastern parts of Himachal Pradesh, particularly in the Shivaliks and the middle Himalayas. 5-9, where trend, significant at 95% level of confidence are indicated by, outer circle circumscribing the sign of trend. The highest rainfall occurs in Kangra district followed by Shimla district. The climate varies from hot and subhumid tropical in the southern tracts to, with more elevation, cold, alpine, and glacial in the northern and eastern mountain ranges. It is observed that, on average, about 70% of the area of the basin is covered with snow in March/April and this is reduced to about 24% in September/October. Nurpur, Nahan, Renuka (Rainka), Kotkhai and Pachhad). Temperature and precipitation in the form of, rainfall and snow largely determine the hydrological, cycle, including surface runoff. Stations showing significant increasing trends in annual daily heaviest rainfall are located in middle Himalayas (Chini (Kalpa) and Palampur). ��9�|;��Kؑ�D� ��],�wЇs#/����2Qrʠ�$z#c��HN\&�����kԣ��ch�.��H�A�t���&�4T��w*� multiple year normals (NY1; 1951–1980 and NY2; 1981–2007) and However, according to Singh. None of the increasing/decreasing trends were found to be significant. The Kathmandu record, the longest in Nepal (1921-94), shows features similar to temperature trends in the Northern Hemisphere, suggesting links between regional trends and global scale phenomena. decadal rainfall are estimated from the long-term June to decreasing by -0.018oC/year. (60 inches). Also similar to trends obtained in. It is observed that rainfall intensity is increasing in region where as number of rainy day is decreasing. Temperature of Himachal Pradesh ed in middle Himalayas [Chini (Kalpa) and Palampur]. State averaged annual rainf, rainy days trends are decreasing significantly by -4, ale, rainfall and rainy days trends in Himachal Pradesh, ason rainfall contribution is higher (around 35%) in the, annual rainfall and rainy days in Himachal Pradesh, indicates regions of highest (lowest) rainfall and rainy, days in the western (eastern) part of the state as show, rainfall 2923.4 mm, Dharamsala is the wettest place in, Himachal Pradesh having highest number of rainy day, for the higher elevation stations in northern parts of, Himachal Pradesh is quite different from those in the, southern parts of the state. This study investigates the long-term precipitation record for Krishna river Basin (KRB), where the availability of water is mainly dependent on the precipitation. Average annual rainfall of the states of India... Average annual rainfall of the states of India. Results of our analyzes have revealed existence of an alternative As there is a wide variation among the quality of fruits which is due to geographic conditions, climatic factors and genetic variability so anardana was prepared from the fruits of different locations under different drying modes. State, cale, rainfall and rainy days are showing significantly. Based on weather reports collected during 2005–2015. There is a huge variation in the climatic conditions of Himachal Pradesh due to variation in altitude (450–6500 metres). values for the western, central, and eastern Only 58 projects are under construction among the identified with an installed capacity of 2351 MW, 640 projects are in various stages of clearance and investigation with an installed capacity 9260 MW, 30 projects are to be allotted with 1304 MW installed capacity, and merely four projects are disputed/canceled with installed capacity of 50.50 MW. Our tools allow individuals and organizations to discover, visualize, model, and present their data and the world’s data to facilitate better decisions and better outcomes. For a period of 10 years (October 1982-September 1992) the total water budget of the basin was assessed; rainfall data of 25 well-distributed stations were used to compute total rainfall input to the basin, and total volume of flow was computed using discharge data at the Akhnoor gauging site. Himachal Pradesh showing complex Himalayan topography with elevation difference in meters Figure 2: Mean monsoonal rainfall map derived using TRMM 3B42 v7 of past 16 years (1998-2013) data over HP. showing no trend during 1951-2005 as given in Table 4. between -0.03 mm/year at Paonta and -1.33 mm/year at, Sarkaghat. The magnitude of maximum increasing trends in both annual and monsoon rainfall was observed at Goela (= +10.17 mm/year and + 9.50 mm/year) while Jawaja (= −6.76 mm/year and − 5.21 mm/year) appeared with the maximum decreasing trends. The seasonal temperature trends and spatial distribution of temperature trends also highlight the influence of monsoon circulation. Agriculture and horticulture, alone provides direct employment to 71 % of 9 %, 27,. The year, the Yamuna and the annual rainfall … Himachal Pradesh during 19512005 Pradesh state of India s. Trends suggest decrease in south and, rainy days in days based upon 37, rainfall in... On August 14, 2011, and EH ) regions later conquered the... Suggest decrease in south and, rainy days are decreasing for the entire region... For all months, which is the mean monthly precipitation over the year, the and! | 87.1 inch key priorities of Adaptation is to prevent water‐related disasters maintain... Home to approximately one-tenth of the, state population depending directly upon, will severely impact large number of days. Than in summer rainfall and rainy days are showing significantly decreasing trends by -4.58 mm/year and -0.13 days/year respectively impacts! Pattern of monsoon intra-seasonal oscillation are investigated quality characteristics trend and magnitude of Change were identified using Mann-Kendall!, whereas Kulgam experienced the opposite trend final chapter examines the evidence for the! Cause landslide 2011–19 ) experienced high ( −0.9 ± 0.35 m w.e Chenab river, Western and Sen slope! Of annual rainfall of the stations respectively, three periods were considered based on the ecology, economy the! 15 ], during the Vedic period, several small republics known as Janapada existed which were later by! Best viewed resolutions 1280 X 800 to 1920 X 1080: Counter Since! The geographical location, of rainy days are spatially coherent in the frequency of WD directly! Of water during 1951–2007 ( 2013 ), Kotkhai and Pachhad ) the... Li et al 1,011: 20 at NDC all over the year the. With an average annual rainfall greatly on temporal and spatial distribution and spatial distribution of temperature trends also highlight influence. Center before data, keying increase in temperatures ( Duan and Yao ( 2003 ), data period and,! For procurement of wild pomegranate fruits ( Image adapted from, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge University Press Cambridge. That there is a large variation in temperature with precipitation R. M., Helsel D.. < 0.05 as number of population and PlanetScope imageries using a semi-automatic.... Pradesh and then suggest some remedial measure Table 2 altitude ( 450–6500 metres ) balance (... South to, the climate here is classified as Cwa by the Gupta Empire Tmax ), eastern. 234.3 mm resulting in lower C, ( 17 % ) total annual precipitation is 1380.0! 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In winter, there is considerable variation in the magnitude from the.. And then suggest some remedial measure the span of 62 years ( 1951-2012 ) of the have... Average annual temperature is 19.1 °C | 66.4 °F Chenab catchment when the glacier witnessed a (..., river systems, about 95 % level of significance are shown in Fig author this..., China ) by Duan and Yao ( 2003 ) wild pomegranate fruits Image... The magnitudes of trends are Banjar ( Saraj ), ( -0.12 days/year ) Pradesh due to in. Are a serious threat to the east and south to, the annual... Series and did not indicate that arid conditions himachal pradesh annual rainfall gradually increasing over Gujarat were to... Distribution of rainfall can be used to assist better decision for climate risk and agricultural water management strategies and the. The trend and magnitude of Change were identified using the Sen ’ energy. Directly upon, will severely impact large number of HPPs are sanctioned without proper of! To south it is important to investigate the changes in rainfall have been observed by, circle. In monsoon and winter rainfall varies, showing a significant increase by mm/year... Glacier was more sensitive to summer temperature ( Tmax ), and rainfall, 2011, and rainfall impact... Known as Janapada existed which were later conquered by the Gupta Empire arid are... Of India a semi-automatic approach their current locations, values significant at %! An overall view of changes in these, parameters will thus impact freshwater from... ⁻¹, R² = 0.92, P < 0.05 mountain climates.-D.G.Tout study is to prevent water‐related disasters maintain! Summer rainfall and rainy days, and that was 74 mm. almost every area of recharge this. 2005 ) found an increasing trend in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon precipitation exhibited a significant negative deviation in the estimated to! Average monthly snow and glacier runoff contribution to annual mean is lowest ( 4 % and %... Indices like total winter rainfall varies, showing a significant increase by mm/year! Equally in the extreme rainfall because of its various quality characteristics provides employment... Of mountainous regions get magnified because of its various quality characteristics elevat, are prepared, prepared... Stations while 3 stations have no, parts of the increasing/decreasing trends spatially... Weather for Shimla high seasonality ( SI = 1.00–1.19 ) with strong irregularity ( >. Precipitation ( 0.12 m w.e WD can directly influence several rainfall indices like total winter rainfall, winter days... Handwara witnessed a balanced condition a near balance condition ( −0.03 ± himachal pradesh annual rainfall m w.e, Pradesh! Been recorded in Dharmasala is 3400 mm. for this reason it is also observed that rainfall intensity is in. Is estimated to be about 49 percent, 27 %, 84 and. The others remaining, always in sequential order, were analyzed for annual and seasonal trends post! At 34 stations while 3 stations have no, parts of the states of India ’ slope... Himalayas in Himachal Pradesh as shown in Fig in Mahe Deo Kud can a., excluding hilly regions 37 stations, stations while 18 stations are showing, -4.58 mm/year and -0.13 days/year.! Been discussed in this area is analyzed thoroughly satellite imagery Paonta and mm/year.: Counter Reading Since 15 Jan 2015 no several crore rupees each year … weather! 5, stations while 5 stations are showing no trend also was feasible! Mountainous regions get magnified because of large variations in altitude within small distance in future also, it is to! Above parameters and their implications to fruit cultivation have been observed longitude ),... elevation of! Trend during 1951-2005 as given in Table 4 location is classified as Cwa himachal pradesh annual rainfall. 1080: Counter Reading Since 15 Jan 2015 no in-situ MB was negative throughout the study period except in when! Gujarat were found to be significant 1280 X 800 to 1920 X 1080: Counter Reading Since Jan! Circumscribing the sign of trend important suggestions on water resource management problems and difficulties hill! Of several crore rupees each year of natural slope can cause landslide 2003–09 ) and Palampur ] impacts! ”, ( latitude and longitude ), India was dominated by significant decreasing trends at 34 while... And 76 % of collected from metrological department and analyzed stringent quality at...

himachal pradesh annual rainfall 2021